Livestock in the context of Swat is an integral part of all farming systems and crop-livestock interactions dominate. Livestock have been a major source of food security, providing milk, dairy products and meat at weddings and funerals, and a major source of income for the farmers. Around 90% of farmers keep livestock. Farmers in valleys with irrigation facilities and close to urban centres tend to keep more buffaloes than cows for milk production. Buffaloes are stall fed whereas cattle are grazed. A typical household with 1.5 hectares of irrigated land keeps 2-3 buffaloes, 1-2 cows, 3-4 sheep and goat and 6-10 chicken. In rain fed (barani) areas, cows predominate as they can be grazed and thus requiring less extra feed. Farmers with more than 4 hectares of land usually keep a bullock if tractor services for ploughing are not available. During displacement, livestock were lost due to death from lack of water, fodder, stray bullets and raids by combatants, whereas crop losses were mainly due to missed harvest.